{"id":2839,"date":"2010-05-31T21:19:43","date_gmt":"2010-05-31T21:19:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/teoriadeconstruccion.wordpress.com\/?p=5"},"modified":"2010-05-31T21:19:43","modified_gmt":"2010-05-31T21:19:43","slug":"como-reaccionan-los-materiales-ante-las-solicitudes-mecanicas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriadeconstruccion.net\/blog\/como-reaccionan-los-materiales-ante-las-solicitudes-mecanicas\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f3mo reaccionan los materiales ante las solicitudes mec\u00e1nicas?"},"content":{"rendered":"
Los materiales reaccionan siempre ante las solicitaciones mec\u00e1nicas deform\u00e1ndose.<\/div>\n
Tipos de\u00a0deformaci\u00f3n:<\/strong><\/div>\n
    \n
  • – Deformaci\u00f3n el\u00e1stica: si despu\u00e9s de que cesa una fuerza que act\u00faa sobre un determinado material,\u00a0\u00e9ste recupera la posici\u00f3n inicial o primitiva. Es reversible.<\/li>\n
  • – Deformaci\u00f3n pl\u00e1stica: no recupera su posici\u00f3n, dejando variar su forma. Deformaci\u00f3n pl\u00e1stica: no\u00a0reversible. Un material cuanto m\u00e1s el\u00e1stico—–m\u00e1s r\u00edgido—-m\u00e1s fr\u00e1gil<\/li>\n
  • – Maleabilidad: actitud de un material para experimentar grandes deformaciones pl\u00e1sticas, bajo\u00a0esfuerzos mec\u00e1nicos de compresi\u00f3n.<\/li>\n
  • – Ductilidad: actitud de un material para experimentar grandes deformaciones pl\u00e1sticas, bajo\u00a0esfuerzos mec\u00e1nicos de tracci\u00f3n.<\/li>\n
  • – Fluencia: representa la deformaci\u00f3n con el tiempo, bajo una carga constante. Un material que halla\u00a0sufrido fluencia tiene unas resistencias mec\u00e1nicas menores que ese mismo material sin haberla\u00a0sufrido, por ello se dice que la fluencia produce cansancio mec\u00e1nico.<\/li>\n
  • – Fatiga: resistencia de un material sometido a esfuerzos repetidos. Hace que el material no tenga\u00a0deformaciones el\u00e1sticas siendo todas pl\u00e1sticas. Se produce por hist\u00e9resis, o lo que es lo mismo,\u00a0esfuerzos debidos a ciclos sucesivos de carga y descarga.<\/li>\n
  • – Deformaci\u00f3n anael\u00e1stica: es una deformaci\u00f3n el\u00e1stica en la que interviene el tiempo de forma que\u00a0el material no se deforma inmediatamente o tarda un tiempo en recuperarse. Es una deformaci\u00f3n\u00a0el\u00e1stica y por lo tanto reversible. En los metales esta deformaci\u00f3n es tan peque\u00f1a en relaci\u00f3n a la\u00a0el\u00e1stica y a la pl\u00e1stica que se puede despreciar. En otros s\u00f3lidos hay que tenerla en cuenta.<\/li>\n
  • – Deformaci\u00f3n viscosa: el material es incapaz de soportar las solicitaciones mec\u00e1nicas a las que se le\u00a0somete y fluye como si fuese un l\u00edquido viscoso. Es funci\u00f3n de la tensi\u00f3n y del tiempo de aplicaci\u00f3n.\u00a0Es irreversible.<\/li>\n
  • – Fragilidad: supone el comportamiento de algunos materiales que incapaces de deformarse ante una\u00a0solicitaci\u00f3n mec\u00e1nica, reaccionan ante ellas rompi\u00e9ndose. Esto en realidad solo sucede en la teor\u00eda,\u00a0pues en la pr\u00e1ctica siempre existen deformaciones por peque\u00f1as que sean.<\/li>\n
  • – Rotura o fractura: cuando un material no puede soportar las tensiones a las que se ve sometido, el\u00a0material se rompe. La tensi\u00f3n m\u00ednima a la que esto sucede se denomina tensi\u00f3n de rotura y depende\u00a0de su m\u00f3dulo el\u00e1stico o m\u00f3dulo de Young. Se han realizado estudios para encontrar la relaci\u00f3n entre\u00a0la tensi\u00f3n de rotura de un material y su m\u00f3dulo el\u00e1stico. Dichos estudios han demostrado que un\u00a0material ideal (sin defectos) rompe entre 1\/5 y 1\/30 de su m\u00f3dulo de Young, mientras que un\u00a0material real rompe entre 1\/1000 y 1\/4000 de su m\u00f3dulo.<\/li>\n
  • Mec\u00e1nicamente existen dos tipos de rotura\u00a0la fr\u00e1gil (es la que ocurre inmediatamente para un esfuerzo inferior al correspondiente a la fractura ideal y est\u00e1 precedida de muy poca deformaci\u00f3n pl\u00e1stica. La apariencia superficial es\u00a0generalmente granular) y la tenaz (es la que se produce despu\u00e9s de una amplia\u00a0deformaci\u00f3n pl\u00e1stica. La apariencia superficial es opaca y fibrosa y la manera de\u00a0romperse es habitualmente en forma de \u201ccopa y cono\u201d)<\/li>\n
  • – Resistencia mec\u00e1nica: la resistencia mec\u00e1nica de un material es la propiedad de ese material para\u00a0oponerse a ser destruido por solicitaciones mec\u00e1nicas exteriores. Depende fundamentalmente de:\u00a0– Las fuerzas de cohesi\u00f3n que unen los \u00e1tomos del material, de forma que a mayor cohesi\u00f3n\u00a0mayor resistencia mec\u00e1nica.<\/li>\n
  • – Su morfolog\u00eda, de forma que igualdad de masa, la resistencia mec\u00e1nica es mayor cuanto\u00a0m\u00e1s relacionada est\u00e9 esa masa con el centro de gravedad del material.<\/li>\n
  • – La estructura del material, cuanto m\u00e1s uniforme es, m\u00e1s resistente es el material\u00a0mec\u00e1nicamente.<\/li>\n
  • – El tama\u00f1o del grano de forma que m\u00e1s peque\u00f1o, m\u00e1s resistente el material.<\/li>\n
  • – La porosidad del material, cuanto m\u00e1s poroso menos resistente<\/li>\n
  • – El contenido de humedad, cuanta m\u00e1s humedad menos resistente<\/li>\n
  • – La temperatura, de forma que por debajo de los 0\u00ba C generalmente aumenta su resistencia y\u00a0por encima de los 50\u00ba C, disminuye.<\/li>\n
  • – Su m\u00f3dulo de Young, que sin estar directamente relacionado con la resistencia mec\u00e1nica y\u00a0s\u00ed con su rigidez, cuando se eleva la temperatura y el m\u00f3dulo el\u00e1stico desciende, da una\u00a0mayor facilidad de rotura. Si el m\u00f3dulo de Young disminuye la resistencia mec\u00e1nica\u00a0tambi\u00e9n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Los materiales reaccionan siempre ante las solicitaciones mec\u00e1nicas deform\u00e1ndose.
    \nTipos de deformaci\u00f3n: el\u00e1stica, pl\u00e1stica, maleabilidad, ductilidad, fluencia, fatiga, deformaci\u00f3n anael\u00e1stica, viscosa, fragilidad, rotura y fractura. Descripci\u00f3n de como afectan la porosidad, la temperatura, su morfolog\u00eda, etc<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1831,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[56,82,97],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2839","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-deformacion","category-humedad","category-material"],"yoast_head":"\nC\u00f3mo reaccionan los materiales ante las solicitudes mec\u00e1nicas? - Teor\u00eda de construcci\u00f3n<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriadeconstruccion.net\/blog\/como-reaccionan-los-materiales-ante-las-solicitudes-mecanicas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"C\u00f3mo reaccionan los materiales ante las solicitudes mec\u00e1nicas? - Teor\u00eda de construcci\u00f3n\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Los materiales reaccionan siempre ante las solicitaciones mec\u00e1nicas deform\u00e1ndose. Tipos de deformaci\u00f3n: el\u00e1stica, pl\u00e1stica, maleabilidad, ductilidad, fluencia, fatiga, deformaci\u00f3n anael\u00e1stica, viscosa, fragilidad, rotura y fractura. 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